pure private good

эк. чистое частное благо (благо, обладающие свойствами абсолютной исключаемости и абсолютной конкурентности)

эк. частные [индивидуальные\] блага (блага, обладающие свойствами исключаемости и конкурентности, т. е. потребление частного блага каким-л. экономическим субъектом делает практически невозможным для всех остальных субъектов потребление этого же блага в том же отношении без разрешения его владельца; напр., одежда, мебель, в отличие от образования или государственного здравоохранения; свойства частных благ делают возможным их эффективное производство через рыночный механизм)

* * *

эк. общественные блага (блага, обладающие свойствами неконкурентности, т. е. потребление такого блага одним человеком не сокращает количество блага, доступное другим, и неисключаемости в потреблении, т. е. нельзя исключить кого-л. из пользования этими благами без исключения всех остальных; эти характеристики не позволяют назначать плату за общественные блага, и частный сектор оказывается незаинтересованным в их производстве; общественные блага предоставляются государством за счет бюджетных средств)

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Plant Genome

2) Компьютерная техника: Page Generator, Printable Graph

3) Биология: prostaglandin

4) Авиация: Pilot's Guide

5) Медицина: параллельная группа (parallel group (при клинических исследованиях))

6) Американизм: Portfolio Grant

7) Спорт: Platinum Gamers, Player's Guide, Pounding Guard, Pre Game, Proficiency Gold

8) Военный термин: Packing Group, Patrol Combatant, Paymaster General, Performance Grade, Persian Gulf, Precision Guidance, Pursuit Group, pay grade, permanent grade, persistent gas, photogrammetry, pistol grip, pivot gun, program guidance, project group, proving ground, pulse gate

9) Техника: general public service radio station, package, particulate and gas, pattern generator, phosphoglycerate, pressure gradient, processing gain

10) Сельское хозяйство: propyl gallate

11) Шутливое выражение: Pig Gettin, Pretty Girl, Private Girl

12) Химия: Propylene Glycol

13) Математика: проективная геометрия (projective geometry)

14) Религия: Pastor Green, Praise God

15) Юридический термин: Peer Guidance, Profile Guided

16) Торговля: product group

17) Страхование: purchasing group

18) Грубое выражение: Pig Girl, Pretty Graphic, Pure Garbage

19) Дипломатический термин: аббр. государства-участники (participating governments)

20) Политика: Spratly Islands

21) Телевидение: pulse generator

22) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Patrol or gunship (River; R), (type abbreviation) Patrol or gunshoip (Inshore; I), Chloropicrin & phosgene mixture (Chemical warfare agent), Papua New Guinea, Patrol or gunship (USA), Peer Group, pressure gage, Parental Guidance (suggested), Parity Generator, parental guidance, paying guest, professional group, Paragliding, peripheral gateway

23) Университет: Post Graduate

24) Физиология: Paregoric, Postgraduate

25) Электроника: Pass Gap, Polarization Gate, Power Gate, Programmable Gain, Proportional Gain, Power-good

26) Вычислительная техника: Parental Guidance (suggested, Movie rating)

27) Нефть: per gallon, pressure gauge

28) Иммунология: Picture Gallery

29) Связь: Pair Gain

30) Транспорт: Power Gear

31) Фирменный знак: Proctor And Gamble

32) СМИ: Point Guard

33) Деловая лексика: Pure Grind

34) Бурение: пекан-гэп (Pecan Gap; свита группы тейлор серии галф меловой системы)

35) Образование: Parental Guide, Profoundly Gifted

36) Сетевые технологии: Processing Group, presentation graphics

37) Полимеры: powdered glue

38) Ядерная физика: Pyrolytic Graphite

39) Безопасность: Privacy Guard, Packaging Group (Используется в документах ADR/RID и паспортах безопасности. PG I, PG II, PG III)

40) Расширение файла: Permanent Group, Page cut/paste file (IBM LinkWay)

41) Электротехника: power gain

42) Фантастика Planet Garth

43) Имена и фамилии: Patrick Grant

44) Майкрософт: необходим родительский контроль

45) Должность: Physical Geography, Piano God, Plant Genetics, Professional Geologist

46) Чат: Pretty Good, Pretty Gross, Profanity Guaranteed

47) NYSE. Proctor & Gamble Company

48) Федеральное бюро расследований: Pittsburgh Field Office

49) Единицы измерений: Picogram - 0.000000000001 Gram

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Plant Genome

2) Компьютерная техника: Page Generator, Printable Graph

3) Биология: prostaglandin

4) Авиация: Pilot's Guide

5) Медицина: параллельная группа (parallel group (при клинических исследованиях))

6) Американизм: Portfolio Grant

7) Спорт: Platinum Gamers, Player's Guide, Pounding Guard, Pre Game, Proficiency Gold

8) Военный термин: Packing Group, Patrol Combatant, Paymaster General, Performance Grade, Persian Gulf, Precision Guidance, Pursuit Group, pay grade, permanent grade, persistent gas, photogrammetry, pistol grip, pivot gun, program guidance, project group, proving ground, pulse gate

9) Техника: general public service radio station, package, particulate and gas, pattern generator, phosphoglycerate, pressure gradient, processing gain

10) Сельское хозяйство: propyl gallate

11) Шутливое выражение: Pig Gettin, Pretty Girl, Private Girl

12) Химия: Propylene Glycol

13) Математика: проективная геометрия (projective geometry)

14) Религия: Pastor Green, Praise God

15) Юридический термин: Peer Guidance, Profile Guided

16) Торговля: product group

17) Страхование: purchasing group

18) Грубое выражение: Pig Girl, Pretty Graphic, Pure Garbage

19) Дипломатический термин: аббр. государства-участники (participating governments)

20) Политика: Spratly Islands

21) Телевидение: pulse generator

22) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Patrol or gunship (River; R), (type abbreviation) Patrol or gunshoip (Inshore; I), Chloropicrin & phosgene mixture (Chemical warfare agent), Papua New Guinea, Patrol or gunship (USA), Peer Group, pressure gage, Parental Guidance (suggested), Parity Generator, parental guidance, paying guest, professional group, Paragliding, peripheral gateway

23) Университет: Post Graduate

24) Физиология: Paregoric, Postgraduate

25) Электроника: Pass Gap, Polarization Gate, Power Gate, Programmable Gain, Proportional Gain, Power-good

26) Вычислительная техника: Parental Guidance (suggested, Movie rating)

27) Нефть: per gallon, pressure gauge

28) Иммунология: Picture Gallery

29) Связь: Pair Gain

30) Транспорт: Power Gear

31) Фирменный знак: Proctor And Gamble

32) СМИ: Point Guard

33) Деловая лексика: Pure Grind

34) Бурение: пекан-гэп (Pecan Gap; свита группы тейлор серии галф меловой системы)

35) Образование: Parental Guide, Profoundly Gifted

36) Сетевые технологии: Processing Group, presentation graphics

37) Полимеры: powdered glue

38) Ядерная физика: Pyrolytic Graphite

39) Безопасность: Privacy Guard, Packaging Group (Используется в документах ADR/RID и паспортах безопасности. PG I, PG II, PG III)

40) Расширение файла: Permanent Group, Page cut/paste file (IBM LinkWay)

41) Электротехника: power gain

42) Фантастика Planet Garth

43) Имена и фамилии: Patrick Grant

44) Майкрософт: необходим родительский контроль

45) Должность: Physical Geography, Piano God, Plant Genetics, Professional Geologist

46) Чат: Pretty Good, Pretty Gross, Profanity Guaranteed

47) NYSE. Proctor & Gamble Company

48) Федеральное бюро расследований: Pittsburgh Field Office

49) Единицы измерений: Picogram - 0.000000000001 Gram

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Plant Genome

2) Компьютерная техника: Page Generator, Printable Graph

3) Биология: prostaglandin

4) Авиация: Pilot's Guide

5) Медицина: параллельная группа (parallel group (при клинических исследованиях))

6) Американизм: Portfolio Grant

7) Спорт: Platinum Gamers, Player's Guide, Pounding Guard, Pre Game, Proficiency Gold

8) Военный термин: Packing Group, Patrol Combatant, Paymaster General, Performance Grade, Persian Gulf, Precision Guidance, Pursuit Group, pay grade, permanent grade, persistent gas, photogrammetry, pistol grip, pivot gun, program guidance, project group, proving ground, pulse gate

9) Техника: general public service radio station, package, particulate and gas, pattern generator, phosphoglycerate, pressure gradient, processing gain

10) Сельское хозяйство: propyl gallate

11) Шутливое выражение: Pig Gettin, Pretty Girl, Private Girl

12) Химия: Propylene Glycol

13) Математика: проективная геометрия (projective geometry)

14) Религия: Pastor Green, Praise God

15) Юридический термин: Peer Guidance, Profile Guided

16) Торговля: product group

17) Страхование: purchasing group

18) Грубое выражение: Pig Girl, Pretty Graphic, Pure Garbage

19) Дипломатический термин: аббр. государства-участники (participating governments)

20) Политика: Spratly Islands

21) Телевидение: pulse generator

22) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Patrol or gunship (River; R), (type abbreviation) Patrol or gunshoip (Inshore; I), Chloropicrin & phosgene mixture (Chemical warfare agent), Papua New Guinea, Patrol or gunship (USA), Peer Group, pressure gage, Parental Guidance (suggested), Parity Generator, parental guidance, paying guest, professional group, Paragliding, peripheral gateway

23) Университет: Post Graduate

24) Физиология: Paregoric, Postgraduate

25) Электроника: Pass Gap, Polarization Gate, Power Gate, Programmable Gain, Proportional Gain, Power-good

26) Вычислительная техника: Parental Guidance (suggested, Movie rating)

27) Нефть: per gallon, pressure gauge

28) Иммунология: Picture Gallery

29) Связь: Pair Gain

30) Транспорт: Power Gear

31) Фирменный знак: Proctor And Gamble

32) СМИ: Point Guard

33) Деловая лексика: Pure Grind

34) Бурение: пекан-гэп (Pecan Gap; свита группы тейлор серии галф меловой системы)

35) Образование: Parental Guide, Profoundly Gifted

36) Сетевые технологии: Processing Group, presentation graphics

37) Полимеры: powdered glue

38) Ядерная физика: Pyrolytic Graphite

39) Безопасность: Privacy Guard, Packaging Group (Используется в документах ADR/RID и паспортах безопасности. PG I, PG II, PG III)

40) Расширение файла: Permanent Group, Page cut/paste file (IBM LinkWay)

41) Электротехника: power gain

42) Фантастика Planet Garth

43) Имена и фамилии: Patrick Grant

44) Майкрософт: необходим родительский контроль

45) Должность: Physical Geography, Piano God, Plant Genetics, Professional Geologist

46) Чат: Pretty Good, Pretty Gross, Profanity Guaranteed

47) NYSE. Proctor & Gamble Company

48) Федеральное бюро расследований: Pittsburgh Field Office

49) Единицы измерений: Picogram - 0.000000000001 Gram

1) эк. монополия (рыночная структура, характеризующаяся наличием на рынке какого-л. блага единственного продавца и большого количества покупателей, отсутствием совершенных заменителей продукции продавца, отсутствием свободы входа на рынок и совершенной информированностью; в силу этих характеристик продавец обладает властью над рыночной ценой; различают естественную, открытую и закрытую монополии; для точности пользуются также понятием чистой монополии)

2) эк. монополист (фирма, являющаяся единственным продавцом на рынке)

3) юр. исключительное право

* * *

* * *

1) компания, группа, общество, гости

- pleasant company

2) труппа, ансамбль артистов

- stock company

3) компания, фирма, товарищество, акционерное общество

- business company

•

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

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Mansfield, the son of a country clergyman, was educated privately at first, then at Winchester College and at Cambridge; ill health, which dogged his early years, delayed his graduation until 1846. He was first inclined to medicine, but after settling in London, chemistry seemed to him to offer the true basis of the grand scheme of knowledge he aimed to establish. After completing the chemistry course at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, he followed the suggestion of its first director, A.W.von Hofmann, of investigating the chemistry of coal tar. This work led to a result of great importance for industry by demonstrating the valuable substances that could be extracted from coal tar. Mansfield obtained pure benzene, and toluene by a process for which he was granted a patent in 1848 and published in the Chemical Society's journal the same year The following year he published a pamphlet on the applications of benzene.

Blessed with a private income, Mansfield had no need to support himself by following a regular profession. He was therefore able to spread his brilliant talents in several directions instead of confining them to a single interest. During the period of unrest in 1848, he engaged in social work with a particular concern to improve sanitation. In 1850, a description of a balloon machine in Paris led him to study aeronautics for a while, which bore fruit in an influential book, Aerial Navigation (London, 1851). He then visited Paraguay, making a characteristically thorough and illuminating study of conditions there. Upon his return to London in 1853, Mansfield resumed his chemical studies, especially on salts. He published his results in 1855 as Theory of Salts, his most important contribution to chemical theory.

Mansfield was in the process of preparing specimens of benzene for the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when a naphtha still overflowed and caught fire. In carrying it to a place of safety, Mansfield sustained injuries which unfortunately proved fatal.

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